e-Governance Initiatives in
Class Roll# 545
Exam Roll # 000484
Department
of Business Administration,
Executive
Summary: New information and communication technologies can make a
significant contribution to the achievement of good governance goals. This 'e-governance' can make governance more
efficient and more effective, and bring other benefits too. Paper demonstrates the corruptions and
week governance in
e-Governance project selection and evaluation is a very crucial for success in establishing good governance, three models were proposed in selecting projects and evaluating their performance. Small and strong controllable projects are recommended as e-Governance initiatives which would be a part of bigger picture of e-Governance.
Finally e-Governance is analyzed with concept of business management, some new look has been given in re-invention process of societal information system with scope to formulate e-governance strategy by any government.
Table of contents
2.0
Formulation of Research Problem
6.1
Definition of e-Governance
6.2
Interactions in e-governance
6.4
Business perspectives in e-Governance.
7.0
Environmental and situational analysis and its results
7.1
Regulatory framework/harmonization
7.3
Re-thinking of government system
7.3.1
Citizen/business participation
7.3.2
Government’s Operation to support participation
8.0
e-Governance Strategy formulation for good governance
8.1
Strategic dimensions and Focus
8.2.
A New Model of e-Governance
8.4.1
General Preference Model
8.4.2
D. Priority Ranking Model
8.5
Methods for implementing of e-Governance project.
8.6
Analytical framework for assessing of e-Governance initiatives.
9.0
Recommendations and implementation strategies
“As a developing country
___ Fifth Five year
Plan, Planning Commission
Since independence in 1971, the economic development of
Accountability, transparency, decentralization,
administrative reform, and satisfaction of public service by its clients are key
problem areas in the present governance system in
The majorities understanding of e-governance is electronic
delivery of government services to the people whereas the potential for
e-governance is beyond electronic delivery of government services to the
people. This problem in conceptualization of e-government effect the action
plans to harvest benefits. Again the conception in the wrong direction
contributes time and resource lost for a developing country like
In this research, E-Governance means its real sense is the
use of information and communication technologies to support good governance.
It moves beyond old 'IT in government[4]. The
areas of e-administration, e-citizen and e-services initiatives, and the
government-related components of e-society together represent a Networked
Government model for e-governance, the overall aim of which is to more
effectively utilize ICTs (Information Communication Technology) for good
governance reforms. These new connections strengthen existing relationships and
build new partnerships within the civil society. Moreover there is not enough
local academic research initiatives to frame this new reality associated with
economic development of this country. In this research the topic is entitled as
“ e-Governance initiatives in
This research is primarily deals with missing points in strategy formulation for re-invention of e-governances which are also objectives of this research. In strategy formulation three following objectives are expected to incorporate:
The empirical tools usually play the central role at the early stage of the design of an e-Governance assessment, evaluation as well as formulate strategies. However, these tools are only one of the dimensions that should be taken into account. The implementation process, in its various components, is another important dimension along which governance assessment can vary and serve different purposes. In particular, brief reviews of research were studied for preparation of this paper including government publications, international public administration journals, books, periodicals and long list of web sites.
Widespread poverty in
“A competent and motivated public
administration system is central to achieving the poverty reduction and
development goals of the strategy. The Government would establish the office of
the Ombudsman and establish an independent Anti-Corruption Commission along
with measures to expedite investigation procedures to ensure better governance”.
It is a matter of regret that all of our plans and programs, election mandates, motto of political parties sounds good and affects nothing. Lack of leadership, incentives and motivation to work, level of knowledge and understanding, poor education system as well as our long suffering poor socio-economic conditions, often creates obstacles in performing own task. We love to talk much rather demonstrating implementation of a certain task. This gap between planning and actions holds us behind the race in this 21st century.
One of the most recent inspiring news is the government’s
action plan in formulating strategy for ensuring good governance through Information
and Communication Technologies (ICT) which have a valuable potential to help
meet good governance goals in developing countries. With leading by Prime
Minister, 60 members team attended the World Summit on Information Society
(WSIS) at
“Our common desire and commitment to build a
people-centered, inclusive and development-oriented Information Society, where
everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge,
enabling individuals, communities and peoples to achieve their full potential
in promoting their sustainable development and improving their quality of life,
premised on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations
and respecting fully and upholding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights”
Bangladesh is ideally is stepping into building information society and going for introducing electronic governance which offers an opportunity for governments to get closer to the citizen and to build a partnership with diverse communities of interest, practice, expertise, conviction, and inter-dependence[7].
Several dimension and related factor influenced the
definition of e-Governance. Most of researcher defined e-Governance based on
their understanding. Dr. Richard Heeks (2001) defined e-governance is “the use of information and communication
technologies to support good governance.
It moves beyond old 'IT in government' models thanks to the new digital
connections that ICTs permit. These new
connections strengthen existing relationships and build new partnerships within
civil society. e-Governance therefore embraces e-Government, e-Citizen and
e-Business. The action, purpose and relatedness were absence in this definition
which is very cleverly defined in the Professor Relies definition of
e-Governance, he defined e-Governance “an opportunity for governments to get closer to
the citizen and to build a partnership with diverse communities of interest,
practice, expertise, conviction, and inter-dependence.
In this definition management
perspectives are not present. I would emphasis here to redefine the definition
of e-Governance in a management perspective:
the "electronic management of the
state", namely the utilization of information and communication
technologies (ICT), including Internet technologies, in the work of country or state
bodies[8]
The three main target groups that can be distinguished in e-governance concepts are government, citizens and businesses. Abbreviations such as B2B (Business to Business) and B2C (Business to Consumer) are used, like in e-commerce concepts, to shortly describe which of the main groups are interacting. The most common interactions in e-governance, G2C, G2B and G2G, are presented schematically in Figure 1.
Citizen Business NGOs Central Gov. Local Gov. G2G G2G G2C G2B G2G Government
B Citizen Business NGOs Central Gov. Local Gov. G2G G2G G2C G2B G2G Government
A Inter
government
Gartner Group, an international consultancy firm[9], has
formulated a four phase e-governance model, which was adopted New Zeeland,
India and some other country. This can serve as a reference for governments to
position where a project fits in the overall evolution of an e-governance
strategy. Most governments start by delivering online information, but public
demand and internal efficiency soon require more complex services. Of course
this takes effect gradually; 1.
Information: Presence 2.
Interaction: Intake processes 3.
Transaction: start transactions 4.
Transformation: Integration 1 2 Online Birth Registration 3 4 + Value + Complexity Figure: E-governance Model
The model does not imply that all institutions have to go through all phases and all at the same time. On the contrary, in the Western world, government institutions are in phase 1, 2 or 3. The differences can be huge: the tax department can be in phase three, while the department of public works is starting phase one. It all depends on where the benefits are highest.
Governments around the world are looking seriously at
improving their efficiency and reforms. Some
of them have adopted a mission-driven, market oriented approach treating
citizens as customers, others have introduced the concept of citizen charters
in public organizations, which stipulate the standards of service citizen can
expect, as also the compensation they will be paid if they do not get it. As
for example, British Rail Passengers Charter offers passengers delayed for more
than one hour a voucher worth 20 percent or more of the ticket price[10]. This
practice also present in our close door neighbor, an Indian State Andra
Prodesh. Their first citizen charter also had broken ground in
It is fact that a very few country was reformed themselves to establish citizen’s charter. Only developed countries are balancing with their private sector in providing citizen service ( ie. ICT was first introduced in Social Security Authority of USA in 1960), where the developing countries are still thinking the new reality of innovative approach to enhance the governance system. Moreover, this reality denotes that Governance is beyond the capacity of the government alone, Civil Society, private sector, local communities – all have to play their part[12]. Problems occurs how civil society, business community and citizen will regular interact with government to enhance the system of government.
Another issue for all over the world, government in the developing countries costs too much, delivers too little, and is not sufficiently responsive or accountable. Good governance reforms aim to address these shortcomings. Yet progress – after many years of effort in implementing such reforms – has been much more limited than expected. e-Governance offers a new way forward, helping improve government processes, connect citizens, and build interactions with and within civil society[13].
A modern approach
to the notion of the country incorporates all of the attributes of a large
corporation: it has a budget, expenditures, income, shareholders, and clients -
citizens who have an interest in affordable and accessible national services.
Given this analogy, the country should then strive to satisfy the interests of
all of its shareholders, and increase the efficiency of its services, just as
corporations seek to raise their capitalization by continuously improving their
operating mode to become more technologically efficient.
Therefore, much
like their corporate counterparts, the approach to the problem of reforming
state bodies should be based on the following three principles:
·
Maintain
a focus on citizens;
·
Ensure
the concreteness and productivity of all actions and programs;
·
Use
market economy mechanisms and actively encourage competition.
E-governance is a form of e-business in governance and refers to the processes and structures pertinent to the delivery of electronic services to the public (citizens and businesses), collaborating with business partners and conducting electronic transactions within an organizational entity
To appreciate the state of E- Readiness in
In common with many countries in a similar stage of
development,
Fixed line services are provided by the 100% Government
owned Bangladesh Telephone and Telegraph Board; it has a network of about
500,000 connections, over half in the capital city. The call completion rate – an
indicator of quality and reliability - is about 25%. The Board has, in abundance, all the (worst)
characteristics of the monopoly suppliers familiar in e.g. the
There are about 100 privately owned[15]
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in Bangladesh with less than 200,000
subscribers; access to phone lines restricts both supply and providers
willingness to build demand. All use
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminals) to channel their traffic and link to
The Government has a firm[16] hand on the institutional (rules of the game) and organizational (players) structures pertinent to ICT. Both electricity supply and landline telephones are government monopolies;[17] VSAT and ISP providers are licensed by Government, a power used to preserve BTTB’s monopoly and potential revenues for Government.
The Government
recently formed the Bangladesh Telecommunications Regulation Commission to
encourage orderly development of a telecommunication system that enhances and
strengthens the social and economic welfare of
§
regulate the establishment, operation and
maintenance of telecommunication services in
§
protect the interests of local consumers in
respect of charges imposed on them and their access to telecommunication services
and the quality and variety of such services[19].
The Commission has
few means to be pro-active in these areas[20].
Commissioners are appointed by the Ministry of Science and
Technology. The Ministry of Information
focuses on the content of TV and radio broadcasts, etc. There is no institutional framework that recognizes
the blurring of boundaries between telephones, data transmission, media, and
digital entertainment nor is there awareness, beyond the occasional scare about
a particularly virulent virus, of security and protection.
In contrast to the
state of physical and institutional infrastructure for ICT, Government policy
is expansive. Government’s efforts are
overseen by a high level ICT Committee chaired by the Prime Minister. IT has been declared a thrust sector
and substantial funds approved - for
activities as yet undefined. Tax
legislation and business regulations have been tweaked to create an
environment favorable to IT businesses.
An IT village will be established in
The Economist of
§ links between centers of information are difficult[22] to establish and maintain;
§ there is little realization of the benefits to be gained from wider access to information;
§ Systems and procedures for generating, processing and acting on timely and accurate information are under-developed.
Three entities, government,
citizen and business (NGO, civil society) participation are very crucial factor
for economic development of a country. Moreover, in a post colonial government,
this interaction and participation are very seldom observed. As a result a real
gain from political commitment, benefits from public services and efforts for
moving the wheel of development become most difficult. Only few countries like
The two main objectives this participation firstly to provide citizen access to information and knowledge about the political process, about services and about choices available and secondly to enable the transition from passive information access to active citizen participation: There are five dimension of this participation
|
Sl No |
Dimensions of Participation |
Situation in
|
|
1 |
Informing |
Generally government is not willing to inform citizen |
|
2 |
Representing |
Public representatives are not performing their role |
|
3 |
Encouraging |
There is not enough evidence in this issue |
|
4 |
Consulting |
There is not enough evidence in this issue |
|
5 |
Involving |
Citizens are required by political party for their meeting |
There are two type of
government operation firstly externally focused operations and backstage or
internal operation like a corporate service business. Here is given some ideal
situation how ICT can take part in both of this part in the context of
Front
Office Operations
Government makes interaction with business and
citizen using its external operation. Transparency, accountability and lot of
other issues are related with externally focused government activities. At this
moment except some utility services, most of the external services in
Back-office operation
In the back-office, the internal functions of e-government in government operations are to facilitate a speedy, transparent, accountable, efficient and effective process for performing government administration activities. Significant cost savings (per transaction) in government operations can be the result.
The strategic Directions of e-governance is to support and simplify governance for all parties; government, citizens and businesses. The use of ICTs can connect all three parties and support processes and activities. Business considers their strategic views in selecting customers segments based on citizens of particular locations, government focuses its service activity to segment the population ensures citizen to get the benefits.
The e-Governance differs from country to country or region to region, as it should reflect the needs and aspirations of those countries, states and regions. However, a certain commonality exists in the expectations of the stake-holders, namely, the Government. on one hand and the citizen/business on the other[23]. The following table brings out these expectations as viewed from the Government’s point and as viewed from the citizen/business point.
Table
1 :
Different Views to the service requirement of e-governance
|
Government’s View |
Citizen/Business View |
Explanations |
|
1. Efficiency |
1.Speedy service |
Health record and services based on
PIN |
|
2.Transparency |
2. Fair trial / audit ability |
Online verification of criminal
suspicions through SSN or PIN |
|
3. Equity/Social justice /
Inclusion |
3. Accessibility / Spread /
Regional language |
Any where accessible even from
mobile phone or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) |
|
4. Cost effectiveness |
4. Affordability, value proposition
|
Time cost and process cost of
getting a service. |
|
5. Simplicity |
5. User-friendliness, self-service |
Bangla Language use in Software or
Internet Apps. |
|
6. Responsiveness |
6. Interactivity |
Web, Kiosks or digital TV or touch
tone device using for delivering information’s |
|
7. Participating |
7. Consultations, democratic |
e-votes and internet participation |
|
8. Security |
8. Trust Consistency, Expectancy |
SSN or PIN would provide security and
privacy |
|
9. Integration / Collaboration |
9. Convenience, cost and time
saving, |
Reduction of duplicated work and
integrated use of same information |
Government can gain efficiency through ensuring faster service delivery mechanism to the people same as transparency through fair trial and audits. All the factors that stated in this table is inefficient in developing countries for that reason governmental efforts are not always meets the citizens expectations. As a result development program has been stagnated. The new strategy formulation should have to on the basis of customer relationship management or citizen relationship management (CRM). Management of the government body can be re-think through introducing Total Quality Management (TQM)
E-governance Government Business/NGO Citizen Accountable Faithful Partnership
Figure: Integrated e-Governance
With divergence of
requirements and reforms as well as incorporating business and corporate
management practice in government are most important factors in formulating
strategic plan for e-Governance. There are some well as established models were
developed and working in many country. As
Increasing Organizational Capacity Increasing Transparency/ accountability Increasing Value
to the Citizen Information Interaction Transaction Integration Technology Skill Management Leadership External Interface Internal Interface
Figure : A eight factor Model of e-Governance
Key characteristic of this model:
There are four stages in this modified e-Governance model: here is give some clarification of this model
1. Technological adaptation in government to provide Information to citizen: This is the beginning of the e-Governance. Technology (hardware, software, connectivity) will increase the capacity of government on the other hand flow information to citizen will increase transparency and accountability. It is very important at this stage that, government is not necessary to change the existing process of activities. Again it not mandatory to publish information through web; Radio, television, news paper and other old media can be used for this purpose along with Kiosk- government information access points. Publishing information through web may be cost effective, it will not be utilized because of digital divide.
2. Skill enhancement in government to facilitate interaction of citizen: These skills are not only technological but also related with service capacity planning, citizen charter, Citizen Relationship Management (CRM). Basically government has to be skilled enough to handle more citizen claims with shortest time. Interaction of citizen can be done through internet which is not only media, personal contact, telephone, postal mailing should have to maintain as an enhanced interaction in between government and citizen. Moreover, this enhanced interaction may increase complexity in government, it will also increase the value to the citizen.
3. Management in government to facilitate Transaction in between citizen: Business already experienced that electronic transaction is highly cost effective and has a strong control over the process. This practice can be adopted by government. Here there would be a problem with distinction in between business and government. Government management should have to be efficient enough to provide electronic transaction to the citizen, which will reduce corruption, increase transparency as well as increase organizational capacity of the government.
4. Political influence for integration government activity: This is
the last step in this model. Here political influence would be necessity to
build an integrated or networked government. Citizen/business can obtain any
service from any point and any time. Political drive would be necessity to open
the government offices 24 hours a day and 7 days of a week. This reform would
provide a greater benefit to the citizen and business as well as increase the
capacity of government. At this stage the technological dimension would most
complex and value of e-Governance would be most desirable for the citizen.
Eight factor- model that is discussed earlier can evaluate current situation of government drive toward e-Governance or it can clarify the concept of e-Governance how government should move forward. Moreover, a strategic guideline as a road map of e-Governance would be required in implementing e-Governance initiatives: Elements of road map of e-Governance is discussed in the table to demonstrate how developing country would move ahead for in implementing e-governance. This road map table is given steps in implementing e-governance with three different perspectives (e-Government, e-Citizen and e-business) with individual areas of consideration. The table is self explanatory and any developing country’s government can put all the necessary inputs in the cells headed by grey mark and can obtain a road map of e-Governance. Moreover, individual steps are discussed in here.
Step 1: Analysis of requirement of e-governance: the government should first analyze its current structure and process of operation with citizen services requirements.
|
Steps |
Elements of Road Map
of e-Governance |
Perspectives and focus |
||
|
e-Government |
e-Citizen |
e-Business |
||
|
1 |
Analysis of requirements of e-governance |
Structure and process |
Service requirements |
Practices |
|
|
1.1 Current Capacity |
Demand and Supply |
Satisfaction |
Interactions |
|
1.2 Tools and Techniques |
Technology and adoption |
Accessibility |
Interface |
|
|
1.3 Learning |
Pilot and demonstration |
Trail use and impact |
Rules and Procedure |
|
|
2 |
Articulation visions and defining policy |
Strategies and Actions |
Perceived benefits |
Growth &expansion |
|
|
2.1 e-Vision |
Long term vision |
Immediate solution |
|
|
2.2 Strategies Plans, Policies |
Inputs, process and outputs |
Equity and justice |
Fair practice |
|
|
2.3 Resources and Constrains |
Capability and priority |
Optimum use |
Sharing and outsourcing |
|
|
3 |
Developing core architecture |
Networked system |
Any where access |
Participation |
|
|
3.1 Business process Model |
Core –periphery system |
Involvements |
Improvements |
|
|
3.2 Integrated Framework |
Reduce duplication |
Easy to access |
Attachments |
|
|
3.2 Interfacing |
Liked and coordinated |
Anywhere access |
Equal access points |
|
4 |
Building infrastructure (Technology) |
Strong control over process |
Enhancement |
Partnerships |
|
|
4.1 Data and Security |
Legacy and operations |
privacy and security |
Solutions in management |
|
|
4.2 Applications |
Portable and replicable |
User-friendly and easy |
Providing solutions |
|
|
4.3 Network |
LAN, WAN and Internet |
Kiosks and access point |
Operate the system |
|
5 |
Integrated services and Value chain |
Integration |
Public Readiness |
Partner management |
|
6 |
Mobilizing resources for implementation |
Small and limited project |
Wider benefits |
Business Transformation |
|
7 |
Evaluating the program (Risk and Performance management) |
Portfolio management |
High availability |
Dependability |
Table : elements and interactions of Road map of e-Governance
Very importantly current business practices and their capacity should also have to take into account. If it seems inadequate preparedness of business, proper training and incubating business entity should have to done by the government. Government has to conduct a continuous basis information collection of e-Readiness to drive toward introducing e-governance initiatives.
2. Articulating vision and defining strategy: After analyzing
requirements and justifying preparedness, the introducer of e-Governance should
have to start in articulating visions and defining strategy. If the vision does
not match with current situation then it should have to return back to
comprehensive e-readiness program. Moreover, at this stage government has to
formulate a long term vision with considering citizen immediate solution of
their public services and securities. The government also thinks about business
drives in future and opportunities in future business operations. The proper
link with present and future investment expectation should lead this formulation
of vision and strategies.
3. Developing core architecture: Business process model of
government should have to re-think. Appropriate businesses process
re-engineering may help government in cutting costs, improving efficiency and
reduce corruption. It should have to importantly think about networked
government and most easy access to any government in any time with an
integrated approach.
4. Building Infrastructure: Government should have to think about proprietary solution for e-governance (Microsoft, HP, SAP) verses open platform. More importantly keeping in consideration about the local language and user-friendly applications with intuitive solution may help government to define application architecture. Very simply government can break the boundary wall of offices through introducing electronic mail over a networked environment.
5. Integrated Value Chain: Government has to develop value chain of services they provides for the citizen and re-think about possession or opening for the private participation. The value chain integration with public and private may increase the over all economic efficiency of the country.
6. Mobilization of resource for implementation : Resource mobilization is not only government responsibility. Participation form donors and private should have to welcome by the government. Key issue in implementation is program should have small enough to scale and monitor, replication should have to be rapid enough to visualize the greater benefits of e-governance. A very large program with no immediate benefit will suffer the real implementation of e-governance project
7. Evaluation of Programs: Every program should have to evaluate
and monitored properly unless the overall reform program will fail to achieve
its goal.
High Low High (e-governance) Moderate Moderate Low Integrated Tasks Disconnected Tasks Structured- Repetitive Unstructured-
1. Integrated processing of work
2. Disconnected processing work (Non Routine work)
3. Structured work which is repetitive
4. Unstructured work
This model suggest to intake those projects which one in highly integrated and structural repetitive works.
Broad and macro aspect of country is required to consider in rank priority in terms of following equation:
PRV = P+E+B+I+A+M
Here, P refers- Planning; E – Estimation; B – benefits/output; I – Implementation; A – Actions and targets; M- Management and Monitoring
|
Factors |
Scaling and weightage |
Appraisal Index |
Measures of |
||
|
Poor |
Moderate |
Good |
|||
|
Planning |
Small and definite 10 Large and indefinite 5 |
5 |
7 |
10 |
Plan |
|
Estimation |
IRR/NPV/BCR – 5 |
5 |
7 |
10 |
Resource requirements |
|
Benefits/ Output |
Benefit in operation 5 Benefit in integration 5 |
5 |
7 |
10 |
Targets |
|
Implementation |
Benefit by 60 month 30 Benefit 1 year
20 |
10 |
20 |
30 |
Time to obtain |
|
Actions and target |
Poor people = 30 Private sector = 10 Government = 5 |
10 |
15 |
30 |
Beneficiaries |
|
Monitoring |
Web based monitoring 10 Traditional 5 |
5 |
7 |
10 |
Transparency |
Table: score table of priority ranking model
All of these variables have been taken from Government Project Life Cycle of Bangladesh. In order to implement an e-Governance project, government has to follow already implemented macro economic rules of business. In this respect, to select a project numerical value has to provide in these six factors. The sum of all of these factors equals PRV which can be used to determine the new ICT based projects for implementing e-Governance. This priority Ranking Model has to have a close link with overall e-Governance Road Map. Here is given the table to assigning value to six factors and measuring them to make project selection decisions. The tables shows the scaling and weightages where 40 scored project are poor for implementing e-governance initiatives, 60 is moderate and above 60 is good. The government can take this table to evaluate project proposals to implement e-governance project.
The model presented can serve as a reference for governments to position where projects fit in the overall evolution of their e-governance implementation. The model can also support governments in defining an e-governance vision and strategy. Projects will have a more structural value for development when embedded in a vision and supported by a strategy. Accentor has defined an approach to implement e-governance projects: Think big, start small and scale fast[24].
Figure : e-governance implementation model
The process of going from global objectives to concrete targets is complex. It is a joint effort undertaken by all stakeholders.
Here is given an
e-governance assessment and ranking table to use country/division/district/
|
Parameter |
Weightage |
Assessment index |
Measure of |
||
|
Poor |
Medium |
Good |
|||
|
Computer Ratio |
15 |
<.35 |
<3.5 .60 > |
.60> |
Competency |
|
LAN and WAN links |
15 |
Nill |
LAN |
NWAN |
Connectivity |
|
Distributed Applications |
10 |
Nill |
Internal <5-10> |
External 10> |
Content |
|
Resource Investments |
20 |
< 1 crore |
<1 – 5> |
5 > |
Capital |
|
Access point ratio |
10 |
Nill |
<.3 .5 > |
.5> |
Citizen Access |
|
Portal containing info |
10 |
Nill |
<10-15> |
15> |
Interface |
|
Architecture |
20 |
Nill |
Partial 10 |
Full 20 |
Planning |
Overall less then 40 score is poor performance in e-governance initiatives, above 50 is moderate and above 60 is good position in terms of assessing e-governance initiatives.
Good governance is attributed to ensure accountability, transparency, efficiency, empowerment, participation, sustainability, equity and justice[25]. To formulate strategies to re-invent these attributes of governance using ICT in the form of e-Governance, recommendations are:
1. e-Governance does not necessarily mean “e” for a technological government, rather it is an enhanced practice.
2.
4. Customer relationship management is re-introduced as a citizen relationship management in the e-governance. Because, most of country introduced citizen charters. e-Governance is adopting practices from a large corporate to meet and satisfy increased citizen needs.
5. Government is a facilitator in e-governance which was an actor for some century of practice. In this reform in governance will interact electronically with citizen and business to share responsibility and invite participations.
7. Country is required to define its road map and priorities to move ahead of implementation of e-governance projects where small and demonstrational projects are the best way to implement and rapid progress toward e-Governance.
Challenges and complexities of a country gradually increased in the new millennium for globalization – increased competition in export and fund raising. Reforms and restructuring in the government is becoming evident for cutting cost, increasing efficiency, transparency and accountability, managing process, building strategic connections and empowering citizen and private sector. In the new millennium development goals, most of the countries adopting e-Governance to serve the citizen best like the customer relationship management in business. This new dimension and re-invention process of governance, this paper demonstrated how a country can formulate e-Governance strategies through a comprehensive e-governance model, capacity planning and stepping more into implementation through a road map of e-governance, priority ranking criteria and through implementation methodology of e-Governance project.
Web Sites and URLS
[1] i.e for implementing 38 different Public Administration project, the country is spending 193 crore taka in 2003-2004 fiscal year[1]. This figure was 169 crore taka for 45 projects in 2002-2003 and 193 crore taka in 2001-2002 fiscal year, Source : ADP Year Book , Planning Commission Bangladesh
[2] Dr. Peter Eigen, BBC News online http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3169602.stm
[3] “e-governance in different aspects” 12-14 February 2002, on 'Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper', jointly organized by Government of Bangladesh, WB and IMF.
[4] Ms Tahera Jabeen, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/alochona/message/5024
[5] Hye, Abdul, Hasnat, “ Good Governance : A social contract for the new Millennium”, The University Press Limited 2000, pp 2
[6]
Ahmed, Moshtaq “ Case Study on e-Government for development ”, IDPM,
[7] Rileys B. Thomas “ e-governance vs e-government”, http://www.electronicgov.net/
[8] www.developmentgateway.org “e-Government in Kyrgystan”
[9] Gartner Group, e-commerce
[10]
Citizen’s Charter, Municipal Corporations,
[11] Naidu N. Chandrababu “ Plain Thinking”, VIKING, 2000, pp. 59
[12] ibid pp. 15
[13] Heeks, Richard,
“Understanding e-Governance for Development”, IDPM, Manchester University pp. 4
[14]
Teledensity rate is 4.38 in
[15] BTTB is an ISP for its employees – but few others.
[16] Some would say, strangling. Prof Md Younus, founder of Grameen Bank and head of the biggest private mobile phone network, reckons that the single greatest service government could do to advance the spread of IT in Bangladesh is to get out of the way.
[17] A few privately owned firms are licensed to operate phone services in rural areas.
[18]
[19]
[20]
“The Act is not very forward looking and may not be able to attract the type of
foreign investment that the telecommunications sector needs in
[21] What follows is not intended as an exhaustive listing of all GoB efforts.
[22] Under the National Data Bank project high capacity links were built between the Prime Minister’s Office, the Planning Commission and the Bureau of Statistics; the Secretariat was not included. Unfortunately, the network laid down does not function now.
[23] Source : www.mit.gov.in
[24] Source www.mit.gov.in
[25] ibid pp. 7